Watch an active construction site for a few minutes and you will see some amazing examples of skilled work and deft problem solving. That was true today in Ann Arbor where I happened to see one complicated step in the construction of a new wing of a five-storey building. The problem was this. A fifty-foot girder was lifted by crane to its intended location within the vertical steel frame. Already I was impressed with the skill of the crane operator, who deftly maneuvered the beam into position where two steel workers were waiting on the existing beam. The crane suspended the beam in place and the steel workers bolted the near end to the frame. So far so good. But the far end was to attach to an isolated vertical beam fifty feet away, and I couldn't picture how that end would be attached. The steel worker answered that question quickly. He scuttled the length of the beam to the isolated vertical while the beam was suspended by the crane cable and the attached end. But now the resistance of the material world intervened -- the beam was a little too long to fit. The worker used two crow bars he'd brought with him to lever it into place -- no good. It was just half an inch too long given the position of the vertical. So are we stymied? Need to send it back? No. The worker stood up on the beam and started gently rocking the vertical. After two or three oscillations he was able to lever the beam into place, and quickly bolted it down.
It's not a completely amazing instance of problem solving on the job, but it is impressive nonetheless. Certainly the users' manual doesn't have a section on what to do in this circumstance. But given his prior training, experience, and embodied skills, the worker was able to come up with a solution that worked.
Richard Sennett describes this kind of artisanal intelligence in The Craftsman. He describes craftsmanship as "the skill of making things well" (8). Further,
The Craftsman explores these dimensions of skill, commitment, and judgment in a particular way. It focuses on the intimate connection between hand and head. Every good craftsman conducts a dialogue between concrete practices and thinking; this dialogue evolves into sustaining habits, and these habits establish a rhythm between problem solving and problem finding. The relation between hand and head appears in domains seemingly as different as bricklaying, cooking, designing a playground, or playing the cello— but all these practices can misfire or fail to ripen. (9)A part of the interest of Sennett's work here is the help it provides in redressing the idea that mental work is professional and cognitive, while manual work is repetitive and rote. Sennett gives many contemporary examples of work that is both head and hand, both cognitive and skilled, both creative and manual. Sennett gives many examples of this kind of artisanal intelligence. Here is one from the construction of a large shopping mall in Atlanta.
The lighting in these aboveground car-houses turned out to be uneven in intensity, dangerous shadows suddenly appearing within the building. Painters had added odd-shaped white strip lines to guide drivers in and out of irregular pools of light, showing signs of improvising rather than following the plan. The craftsmen had done further, deeper thinking about light than the designers. (44-45)Sennett's point here is that the implementation of a complex space is not simply the translation of a computer-generated architectural drawing into material form. Rather, it is a process that requires real workers to find solutions to the inevitable fact of gaps and inconsistencies in the plan--in this case, the fact that the lighting didn't fully illuminate the space, leading to risks for pedestrians and drivers.
A dominant tradition of philosophy identifies our human essence with our ability to think and reason. Descartes represents this line of thought ("cogito ergo sum"). But there is another tradition that places labor and our capacity to transform the material world at the center of the human essence. Hegel represented this line of thought, as did Marx. It is the homo faber tradition -- man the creator -- and all in all, it seems to do a better job of defining us. Labor and skilled intelligence lie at the core of human capacities. And that is a good thing to remember on May 1, the international day celebrating labor.
Hegel and Marx perhaps, but don't forget the Heideggerian perspective. Heidegger's explanation of the Dasein's active being-in-the-world, and his discussions of artisanal work perfectly capture your discussion of practical, embodied knowledge.
ReplyDeleteIsn't there also some discussion in Aristotle of "practical wisdom", embodied for him in sailing and building?
ReplyDeleteI get irritated with the common presumption that education consists of mastering the manipulation of abstract concepts - I know machinists who are more educated than many graduates in the difficulties of their art. The common prejudice leads to these people being underpaid for their skills. Be interesting when we wake up to find the builders and makers are too few to sustain the fabric that keeps the thinkers alive.
Lawyers are craftspeople. And if they have clients they don't have time to read legal theory or philosophy.
ReplyDeleteThe model of intellectual life as engineering, "the manipulation of abstract concepts" ignores the inevitability of subtext, institutionalizing propositions but not questions. Who's there to remind the car designer about traffic jams? Am I going to ask him about commuter rail?
The collaborative model of intellectual life as intellectual design is a f'ing joke. Its why engineers read Asimov and historians and architects read Proust. Proust was a craftman too. Sennett tries in a half assed way to come to terms with subjectivity as a value, but that misses the point: subjectivity is a fact. That's why we have prosecutors and defense attorneys, both paid to play a role. You can prefer to think about judges, and fantasize a wise authority, and call yourslf a philosopher or social "scientist" but fantasies are only that. And Euripides was a smarter man than Plato.